اللغة االنكليزية 4. The camera Amazing Invention الكاميرا اختراع عظيم
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1 اللغة االنكليزية 4 ] دكتور املادة :اميان اجملذوب The camera Amazing invention: :االوىل عنوان احملاضزة احملاضزة The text: The camera Amazing Invention الكاميرا اختراع عظيم Ideas for useful inventions often take a lot of work and time to create. The camera took a long time to go from an idea to an invention. A camera works because of an idea, or concept, that a Chinese scholar first described more than 2,000 years ago. Later, Greek and Arab scholars also understood the concept. This concept is that during daytime, a tiny hole in the wall of an unlighted room without windows projects an image from outside into the room. About 500 years ago, people used this concept to make an enclosed area with an opening that let in a beam, or straight line, of light. Artists used this area, called the camera obscura, to project images, or pictures, onto paper. Then they traced and painted the images. The enclosed area worked like a camera does. However, it did not record an image automatically, or by itself. In the early 1800s, a man named Thomas Wedgwood spread a chemical that contained silver on a sheet of paper. He saw that the paper could record an image when he exposed it to light. But Wedgwood also saw that it got darker and darker as the light kept shining on it. That showed that this paper was light-sensitive, or affected by changes in light. A French inventor named Joseph Niepce used a similar idea to make a paper to use in a camera obscura. Niepce was able to make a black-and-white image with his lightsensitive paper. With the use of a chemical that contained acid, he was also able to keep 1
2 the image from turning black. He found an error, though. The parts of the image that should have looked black looked white. The black areas and the white areas were reversed. Niepce had made the first negative. Niepce began to work on a second way to record images. In 1826 he used light-sensitive chemicals on a flat metal surface called a plate. Then he exposed the plate in a camera obscura all day. This faint, or hard-to-see, image was the first photograph. Niepce shared his work with a French artist and inventor named Louis Daguerre. Daguerre then used a new mixture of chemicals on the metal plate. A clear image called a daguerreotype formed on the plate in 30 minutes. After this invention, The first camera was sold in However, it still took hard work, and many chemicals and devices, to create a photograph. George Eastman invented the kodak camera in This camera was the first one that was easy to use and that required no chemicals. It used rolls of film like some we use today. Now instant cameras and digital ترجمة النص: cameras can give us photos. األفىاس ا خؼ مت باالخخشاػاث ا ت غا با ا حأخز ا ىث ١ ش ا لج ا ج ذ خبخىش)حص غ(. اعخغشلج ا ىا ١ شا لخا غ ٠ ال ال خماي فىشة ا اخخشاع. حؼ ا ىا ١ شا بغبب فىشة أ ف, ز أوثش 0222 ع ت صف ػا ا ص ١ ١ ا ف ا ىا ١ شا أل ي شة. ف لج الحك, ػ اء ا ١ ا ١ ت ا ؼشب ١ ت ا ٠ عا ف ا زا ا ف ) ف ا ىا ١ شا(. زا ا ف ا خالي ا اس, ٠ إد ثمب صغ ١ ش ف جذاس غشفت غ ١ ش عاءة بذ افز ئ ػشض ص سة ا خاسج ا داخ ا غشفت. > ز ح ا 022 ػا, اعخخذ ا اط زا ا ف ص غ طمت غ مت غ فخحت حغ ح بذخ ي شؼاع, أ خػ غخم ١, ا ع ء<. اعخخذ ا ف ا ز ا طمت, ا خ ٠ ط ك ػ ١ ا )اع ا حجشة ا ظ ت(, ؼشض ا ص س ا ا شع ػ سق. ث خطط ا سع ا ا ص س. ػ ج ا طمت ا غ مت ث ا ىا ١ شا. غ ر ه, فا ٠ غج ا ص سة ح مائ ١ ا, أ ب فغ. ف أ ائ ا مش ا خاعغ ػشش, شش سج ٠ ذػ ح اط ٠ ذج د ادة و ١ ١ ائ ١ ت ححخ ػ ا فعت ػ صح ١ فت سل ١ ت. سأ أ ا سلت ٠ ى ا حغج ص سة ػ ذ حؼشظ ا ع ء. ى ٠ ذج د سأ ا ٠ عا ا ا سلت حصبح داو ت أوثش ظال ا ػ ذ ا ٠ ى ظ ا ع ء عاغؼا ػ ١ ا. ر ه أظ ش أ ز ا سلت وا ج حغاعت ع ء, أ خأثشة با خغ ١ شاث ف ا ع ء. اعخخذ خخشع فش غ ٠ ذػ ج ص ٠ ف ١ ب ١ ظ فىشة اث ت ص غ سلت العخخذا ا ف ا حجشة ا ظ ت. ح ى ١ ب ١ ظ حى ٠ ص سة باألب ١ ط األع د غ سل ا حغاط ع ء. باعخخذا ادة و ١ ١ ائ ١ ت ححخ ػ حا ط, ح ى أ ٠ عا ا حفاظ ػ ا ص سة ا األع د. غ ر ه, جذ خطأ. أجضاء ا ص سة ا خ ٠ جب أ حبذ 2
3 ب ١ عاء بذث ع داء, أجضاء ا ص سة ا خ ٠ جب أ حبذ ع داء بذث ب ١ عاء. ح ػىظ ا اغك ا غ داء ا ب ١ عاء. ١ ب ١ ظ ص غ أ ي شش ٠ ػ حص ٠ ش. بذأ ١ ب ١ ظ ا ؼ ػ غش ٠ مت ثا ١ ت خغج ١ ا ص س. ف ػا 6201, اعخخذ اد و ١ ١ ائ ١ ت حغاعت ع ء ػ عطح ؼذ غطح ٠ ذػ )ا صف ١ حت(. ث ػ شض ا صف ١ حت ف ا حجشة ا ظ ت غ اي ا ١. وا ج ز ا ص سة ا با خت, أ ا خ ٠ صؼب سؤ ٠ خ ا أ ي ص سة. شاسن ج ص ٠ ف ١ ب ١ ظ ػ غ ف ا خخشع فش غ أع ٠ ظ داج ١ ش. ث اعخخذ داج ١ ش خ ١ طا جذ ٠ ذا ا اد ا ى ١ ١ ائ ١ ت ػ ا صف ١ حت ا ؼذ ١ ت. ا ص سة ا اظحت ح ؼشف باع ا ذاج ١ ش ٠ ت ا خ حشى ج ػ ا صف ١ حت خالي 02 دل ١ مت. بؼذ زا االخخشاع, ح ب ١ غ ا ي وا ١ شا ف ػا غ ر ه,الصا ج ا ىا ١ شا حأخز ا ىث ١ ش ا ؼ ا شاق ا ؼذ ٠ ذ ا اد ا ى ١ ١ ائ ١ ت األج ضة, إل شاء ص سة. اخخشع ج سج ا ٠ غخ ا وا ١ شا و دان ف ػا وا ج ز ا ىا ١ شا أ ي وا ١ شا ع ت االعخخذا الحخط ب أ اد و ١ ١ ائ ١ ت. اعخخذ ج فاث األفال ث بؼط ا ز غخخذ ا ١. ا ٢ ٠ ى ىا ١ شاث ا ف س ٠ ت ا شل ١ ت أ حؼط ١ ا ا ص س ػ ا ف س. Vocabulary : هو عبارة عن شرح الكلمات الصعبة بالنص و وجد أمثلة لتوض ح المعنى أكثر أت باالمتحان على شكل )معنى الكلمة وانت بدك تختار الكلمة الصح او بالعكس( 1-projects: causes a shadow, light, or image to appear on a surface. 3-enclosed: surrounded on all sides. 5-record: to set down on paper. 7-exposed: allowed to have light shine on it. 9-instant: ready very quickly. 11-error: a mistake. 13-reversed: changed to the opposite. 2-Example: A camera projects a movie onto a large screen in the movie theater. 4- Example: our yard is enclosed by a fence so that our dog cannot get out. 6- Example: teachers record the grades of each student during the year. 8- Example: the red color of the couch faded to pink after it was exposed to years of sunlight. 10- Example: mix instant soup mix with hot water, and it is ready to eat. 12- Example: I made only one error on the math test. 14- Example: we planned to run first and stretch afterwards, but then the order was reversed. 3
4 2- مثال: تعرض الكام را ف لما على شاشة كب رة ف المسرح الس نمائ. 4- مثال: حد قة منزلنا محاطة بس اج, حتى ال ستط ع كلبنا الخروج. 6- مثال: قوم المعلمون بتسج ل درجات الطالب خالل العام. 8- مثال: تالشى او)بهت( اللون األحمر من االر كة الى اللون الوردي بعد تعرضها لسنوات ألشعة الشمس. 11 -مثال: اخلط مز ج الحساء الفوري مع الماء الساخن, وتكون جاهزة لألكل. 12- مثال: لقد ارتكبت خطأ واحد فقط ف امتحان الر اض ات. 14- مثال: نحن خططنا ان نركض أوال ثم نتمطط بعدها ولكن حصل عكس ذلك. 1- عرض: جعل الضوء ظهر على السطح. 3- طوق: محاط من جم ع الجهات. 5- سجل: دون ش ء على ورق. 7- ع رض: سمح بسطوع الضوء عل ها. 9- فوري: جاهز بسرعة. 11 -خطأ: غلطة. 13- عكس: تغ ر الى العكس. Comprehension Skills: Mark box a,b or c to completes each sentence. )مهارات الفهم( ضع عالمة على مربع أ, ب, او ت إلكمال كل جملة: 1-the first photograph was made in 1826 by: a) Joseph Niepce. b) Greek scholars. c) George Eastman. 3-George Eastman invented the kodak camera, which was the first: a) camera. b) easy-to-use camera. c) camera sold to the public. 2- When Louis Daguerre put his mixture of chemicals on a metal plate, an image formed: a) instantly. b) in 24 hours. c) in 30 minutes. E 5-An enclosed area that worked like a camera does but could not automatically record an image was the: a) Kodak camera. b) daguerreotype. c) camera obscura. 4- pictures became available right away with the invention of: a) lenses. b)metal plates. c) instant and digital cameras. E 4
5 -3 أول صورة صنعت ف عام 1226 من ق بل: 2- عندما وضع لو س داج ر خل طه من المواد الك م ائ ة على صف حة معدن ة, تم تشك ل الصورة: أ- فور ا. ب-ف 24 ساعة. ت-ف 33 دق قة. 5- منطقة مغلقة كانت تعمل كالكام را ولكنها التستط ع تسج ل الصورة تلقائ ا ه : أ- كام را كوداك. ب- الداج ر ة. ت- الحجرة المظلمة. اخترع جورج إ ستمان كام را كوداك, الت كانت أول: -1 أ- جوز ف ن ب س. ب- علماء ونان ون. ت- جورج إ ستمان. 4- أصبحت الصور متاحة على الفور مع اختراع: أ- العدسات. ب- صفائح معدن ة. ت- كام رات فور ة ورقم ة. أ(كام را. ب( كام را سهلة االستخدام. ت( كام را ب عت للعامة. : Ideas Understanding )فهم األفكار( 1- From the article,you can conclude that a problem with Niepce's first camera was the: a) amount of film used on one image. b) length of time it took for an image to form. c) large number of people needed to work the camera. 3- From the article,you can conclude that a problem with the camera obscura was that it had: a) no lens. b) no way to project images. c) ) no way to record an image automatically. 2- The invention of the camera is the result of: a) an accident. b) the ideas of one person. c) the work of many people over time. 4- you can also conclude that people did not have to use chemicals to take pictures after the invention of: a) the Kodak camera. b) coated metal plates. c) the camera obscura. 5
6 1- من المقال, مكنك استنتاج ان المشكلة مع اول 2- كام را لن ب س ه : أ- كم ة الف لم المستخدمة ف صورة واحدة. ب- طول الوقت الذي استغرقه تشك ل الصورة. ت- عدد كب ر من الناس بحاجة لتشغ ل الكام را. 3- من المقال, مكنك استنتاج أن المشكلة ف الحجرة المظلمة ه : أ- التحوي عدسة. ب- التوجد طر قة لعرض الصور. ت- التوجد طر قة لتسج ل الصورة تلقائ ا. اختراع الكام را هو نت جة ل: أ( صدفة. ب( أفكار شخص واحد. ت( عمل كث ر من الناس مع مرور الوقت. 4- مكنك أ ضا استنتاج أن الناس لم تكن ملزمة الستخدام المواد الك م ائ ة اللتقاط الصور بعد اختراع: أ( كام را كوداك. ب( صفائح مطل ة بالمعدن. ت( الحجرة المظلمة. Strategies: Reading )استرات ج ات القراءة( 1-recognizing words in context: Find the word flat in the article. One definition below is closest to the meaning of that word. One definition has the opposite or nearly the opposite meaning.the remaining definition has a meaning that has nothing to do with the other two words. Label the definitions C for closest, O for opposite or nearly opposite, and U for unrelated C O U a) smooth. b) bumpy. c) wet. 2-Distinguishing Fact from Opinion Two of the statements below present facts, which can be proved. The other statement is an opinion, Which expresses someone's thoughts or beliefs. Label the statements F for fact and O for opinion. O F a) Joseph Niepce did the most important work with cameras. b) the camera obscura was a tool used by artists. 6
7 F c) A daguerreotype is a clear image that forms on a metal plate. 3-Making correct inferences Two of the statements below are correct inferences, or reasonable guesses, that are based on information in the article. the other statement is an incorrect, or faulty, inference. Label the statements C for correct inference and I for incorrect inference. C a) After the invention of the daguerreotype, people could make and sell cameras. I b) The concept of a camera as we know it today has been known for many thousands of years. C c) people liked George Eastman's Kodak camera because it was easier to use than earlier cameras. 4- understanding main ideas : One of the statements below expresses the main idea of the article. Another statement is too general, or too broad. The other explains only part of the article; it is too narrow. Label the statements M for main idea, B for too broad, and N for too narrow. N B M a) Joseph Niepce invented the first negative. b) The camera is a very useful invention. c) Many people helped to invent today's cameras by thinking of new ideas over time. 1- التعرف على الكلمات ف السياق: -العثور على كلمة مسطحة ف المقال. تعر ف واحد هو األقرب الى معنى هذه الكلمة, تعر ف واحد هو المعاكس للكلمة. التعر ف المتبق له معنى ل س له عالقة بالكلمت ن االخر ن. -تسم ة التعر ف C لألقرب, O للعكس, U لغ ر ذات الصلة. أ( أملس. )C( معنى قر ب للكلمة. 7
8 ب( تعرجات. )O( عكس المعنى. ت( مبلل. )U( ل ست لها عالقة. 2- تمييز الحقيقة عن الرأي: اثن ن من العبارات ادناه عبارة عن حقائق, الت مكن اثباتها. الب ان االخر هو رأي, عبر عن أفكار او معتقدات شخص ما.) تسم ة الب انات F للحق قة, و O للرأي(. أ( فعل جوز ف ن ب س العمل األكثر أهم ة مع الكام رات. )O( رأي. ب( كانت الحجرة المظلمة أداة ستخدمها الفنان. )F( حق قة. ت( الداج ر ة ه صورة واضحة تتشكل على صف حة معدن ة. )F( حق قة. 3 -جعل االستدالالت الصحيحة: اثن ن من العبارات أدناه ه استنتاجات صح حة, أو تخم نات معقولة, تستند إلى المعلومات الواردة ف المقال. العبارة األخرى عبارة عن استنتاج خاطئ. قم بتسم ة عبارات و I لالستدالل الخاطئ. أ( بعد اختراع الداج ر ة, مكن للناس ب ع وصنع الكام رات. )C( استدالل صح ح. ب( مفهوم الكام را كما نعرفها ال وم معروف منذ عدة آالف من السن ن. )I( استدالل خاطئ. ت( أحب الناس كام را كوداك الخاصة بجورج إ ستمان ألنها كانت أسهل ف االستخدام من الكام رات السابقة.) C (استدالل صح ح. C لالستدالل الصح ح 4 -فهم األفكار الرئيسية: أحد العبارات أدناه عبر عن الفكرة الرئ س ة للمقالة. ب ان آخر هو عام جدا, أو واسع جدا. اآلخر شرح فقط جزء من المقالة, إنه هامش للغا ة. قم بتسم ة العبارات M للفكرة الرئ س ة, N للهامش ة, B للفكرة العامة. أ( جوز ف ن ب س اخترع أول شر ط تصو ر.) N ( هامش ة. ب( الكام را اختراع مف د جدا.) B ( عامة. ت( ساعد العد د من الناس على اختراع كام رات ال وم عن طر ق التفك ر ف أفكار جد دة بمرور الوقت.) M ( فكرة رئ س ة. Expanding Vocabulary )توس ع المفردات( Read each item carefully. Write on the line the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. 1- The projected an image onto paper so that an artist could paint it. Daguerreotype digital camera camera obscura 2-Thomas Wedgwood saw that paper could record an image. Heat-sensitive light-sensitive pressure-sensitive 8
9 3-Niepce made the first photograph when the exposed a in a camera obscura all day Plate bowl cup 4-Instant cameras and cameras make it easy to take pictures today. Daguerreotype darker digital 5-A camera obscura was an enclosed area with a hole that let in. Chemicals light film اقرأ كل بند بعنا ة, اكتب على السطر الكلمة او العبارة الت تكمل كل جملة على أكمل وجه. عرضت الحجرة المظلمة صورة على الورق بح ث مكن لفنان رسمها. الداج ر ة الكام را الرقم ة الحجرة المظلمة رأى توماس و دجوود أن الورق الحساس للضوء مكنه تسج ل صورة. حساس للحرارة حساس للضوء حساس للضغط صنع ن ب س اول صورة عندما عرض الصف حة ف الحجرة المظلمة طوال ال وم. صف حة وعاء كوب الكام رات الفور ة والرقم ة جعلت من السهل التقاط الصور ال وم. الرقم ة داكن الداج ر ة كانت الحجرة المظلمة عبارة عن منطقة مغلقة بها فتحة تسمح بدخول الضوء. )1 )2 )3 )4 )5 مواد ك م ائ ة ضوء ف لم At the end everything will be fine if it's not..then it's not the end yet. انتهت احملاضرة إعداد: والء األخضز 9
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